Remington 12
Kui ajavormi valik enne uue looga alustamist võib olla määrava tähtsusega, siis vaatenurga valik on seda enam. Laias laastus saab vaatenurkasi olla kolm: mina, sina ja tema, igalühel neist on omad tugevused ja omad nõrkused. Lisaks on neil olemas omad alamklassid, mis omakorda avavad hulgaliselt uusi võimalusi ja seavad täiendavaid piiranguid.
Enne vaatenurga valikut tuleb mõista, see valik on ühesuunaline tänav. Kui ajavormi on veel kuidagi võimalik vahetada, siis näiteks minavormilt üle minna kolmandasse isikusse on ilma lugu täielikult ümber kirjutamata võimatu. Proovige kui ei usu.
Vaatame vormid üle:
Mina
Minavorm on vahetu jutustaja vorm; see on lugu mida räägib inimene nii nagu tema seda nägi või nagu tema seda mõistis. Erineval temavormist on on jutustaja samaaegselt tegelaskuju. Lisaks erinevalt muudest vormidest ei ole selles proosa puhul väga raske, kui mitte võimatu, kasutada olevikuvormi; väga raske on anda edasi sündmusi mis pole juba aset leidnud. Tõsi, kui vaadata proosavormist kaugemale, siis pole näiteks luules ja laulusõnades olevikus minavorm sugugi haruldane:
“Mu endasseusk muutub uuestisünniks
Näeb maailm nii naljakas välja
Et kes seal ka elaks või sureks või sünniks
Ma lähen ja naeran nad välja”
(Vennaskond, “Lähen ja naeran”)
Minavorm jaguneb üldjoontes kaheks: vahetu ning tagantjärele minavorm. Esimene vorm räägib asjadest nii nagu need vahetult sündmuste toimumise ajal olid, teine seevastu distantseerib ennast sellest ja lugu antakse edasi jutustajavormis tükk maad hiljem. Teine vorm meenutab sellest tingituna pisut kolmandas isikus (temavorm) jutustamise teist varianti. Tükk maad hiljem edasi antud loo jutustaja teab juba mis toimub hiljem, miks asjad toimusid nii nagu nad toimusid ja mida tegid ülejäänud tegelaskujud samal ajal.
Kui minavorm tundub ühest küljest äärmiselt piiratud vorm on see samas ka äärmiselt vahetu. Tänu sellele on minavorm ideaalne edasi andmaks müsteeriume kus informatsiooni hulk on piiratud üheaegselt nii tegelaskuju kui lugeja jaoks. Ehk siis teeb selle eelistatud vormiks näiteks detektiiviromaanide puhul. Samas piiratuse all tuleb meeles pidada, et ilma lugejat segadusse ajamata on praktiliselt võimatu vahetada tegelaskuju või kruttida põnevust üles viidetega millelegi, mida minategelane ei saa näha, kuulda või teada.
Sina
Sinavorm leiab vähemalt proosa kujul haruharva rakendust. Aeg-ajalt üks või teine autor võtab seda kui väljakutset ning kirjutab mõne eksperimentaalse loo, kuid tulemused ei ole tavaliselt sellised millest pikemalt juttu tasuks tema. Tunduvalt sagedamini leiab sinavorm rakendust luulevallas.
Sinavorm on seevastu pea ainuke viis edasi anda instruktioone ja korraldusi, kusjuures instruktsioone puhul tekib juurde ajavorm mida proosas ja luules praktiliselt pole — nimelt tulevikuvorm. Näiteks Kümme Käsku on kirjutatud sina- ja tulevikuvormis (“Sina ei pea mitte tapma”).
Lisaks leiab sinavorm pea ainsa vormina rakendust rollimängudes ja seda nii arvutiga kui ilma arvutita. Näiteks mäng nimega Zork algas nii:
West of House You are standing in an open field west of a white house, with a boarded front door. There is a small mailbox here.
Tema
Temavorm ehk loo esitamine kolmandas isikus on kõige levinum ja kõige paendlikum jutustamise vorm. See võimaldab hõlpsalt hüpata tegelaskujude vahel, vahetada kohta ja aega ilma lugejat liigselt segadusse ajamata. Lisaks on lugejale võimalik ette sööta materjali mida tegelaskuju ise ei märganud, kuid mida ta oleks võinud näha kui ta oleks tähelepanelikum olnud. Või kui ta oleks saabunud pisut varem või lahkunud pisut hiljem. Selle viimasega võib kolmandas isikus esitusega veelgi kaugemale minna ning esitada lugu n.ö. neljandas isikus, ehk siis läbi jutustaja kelle jaoks ei ole midagi varjatut, kes teab kõike ja näeb kõike.
Enamus koolkondi jagavadki temavormi lood kahe kategooriasse: piiratud temavorm ehk kolmandas isikus jutustamine ning piiramata temavorm ehk neljandas isikus loo esitamine.
Kolmandas isikus lood on mõnes mõttes võrreldavad esimest tüüpi minavormis lugudega. Lugejale antakse edasi mida jälgitav tegelaskuju üldjoones mõtleb, kuid samas ei laskuta detailideni. Põhiline erinevus minavormiga ongi siin see, et ei jälgita tegelaskuju mõttekäike vahetult. Samas on soovituslik nagu minavormiski jälgida esituses tegelaskuju tausta: kui tisler tuppa, siis üks esimesi asi mida ma märkab on arvatavasti mööbel, samas kunstniku jaoks võib põhitähelepanu langeda hoopis seinal rippuvatele maalidele. Kui keegi viitab mandlikarva silmadele, siis eeldatavasti see tegelane teab mis on mandlid ja mis värvi need on. Üks algaja jutuvestja põhiliseks tunnuseks on see, et ta lähtub lugu edasi andes enda teadmistest, mitte oma tegelaskuju omades ning kasutades omadussõnu ja andes hinnanguid mis jälgitavad karakteri vaatevinklist on parimal juhul vildakad.
Kolmandas isikus esitatud lugu on näiteks Gabriel García Márquezi raamat “Sada aastat üksildust” mis algab sõnadega:
“Palju aastaid hiljem, kui kolonel Aureliano Buendía mahalaskjate rivi ees seisis, meenus talle kauge õhtupoolik, mil isa viis teda jääd vaatama.”
Seevastu piiramatu temavorm, ehk loo esitamine neljandas isikus on loo esitamine läbi jutustaja — kas siis läbi nähtava jutustaja (mis on üks väheseid viise murda neljas sein ilma lugeja ja loo sidet rikkumata) või nähtamatu jutustaja. Neljandas isikus on esitatud näiteks Mihhail Bulgakovi “Meister ja Margarita”:
“Nagu hiljem selgus, vesteldi Jeesus Kristusest. Lugu oli selles, et toimetaja oli luuletajalt tellinud ajakirja järgmise numbri jaoks pika usuvastase poeemi. Ivan Nikolajevitš kirjutas poeemi valmis ja isegi väga kiiresti, aga kahjuks ei jäänud toimetaja sellega sugugi rahule.”
Nagu näha on nähtamatu jutuvestja valduses hulgasliselt informatsiooni, mida tol hetkel tegelaskujude endi valduses polnud. Üldiselt selline jutustusviis on tollaegsete ning ka varasemate Vene autorite hulgas väga levinud. Näiteks Fjodor Dostojevski “Idioot” on samuti kirjutatud neljandas isikus.
Kuna see postitus kipub üksjagu pikaks minema, siis ma püüan otsad kokku tõmmata. Lõpetuseks tuleb meeles pidada rusikareeglit, et vaatenurkade omavahel segamine ei ole hea idee; isegi kui me räägime alamnurkadest nagu piiratud temavorm ja piiramatu temavorm. Õigupoolest sellistel puhkudel on segamine eriti ohtlik, sest see ei paista kohe silma, kuid jätab jutust vildaka mulje. Näiteks kuidas saab nii olla, et peategelane enne teadis midagi, aga hiljem mitte. See viimane võib olla tingitud sellest, ühel puhul teadis seda jutustaja mitte tegelane, aga tema kohalolek ei olnud lugejale koheselt hoomatav.
Vaatenurkade segamise koha pealt eksisteerib siiski üks erand: täiesti kohane on kasutada mõnda teist vormi kui kirjutatakse proloogi või epiloogi. Päris paljud autorid, kes kirjutavad muidu kolmandas isikus esitavad sissejuhatuse neljandas isikus, et anda parem ülevaade raamatus toimuvate sündmuste taustast.
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